AMPHETAMINE-LIKE WEIGHT LOSS PRODUCTS

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Март 8, 2009

AMPHETAMINE-LIKE PRODUCTS

Amphetamines, which were introduced in 1938, rapidly became the most widely used agents for the treatment of obesity in the United States. Amphetamine (Figure ) is a stimulant that causes the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrinein the brain, which leads to increased metabolism and increased energy expenditure, or burning of calories. Amphetamine is also an appetite suppressant. From the 1940s through the 1960s, individuals took “rainbow pills” for

These pills were called “rainbow pills” because of the number of they contained: amphetamine, thyroid hormone, laxatives (to cause diarrhea and decrease food absorption in the gut), and diuretics (to increase urinationand cause of water . Amphetamine, alone or in combination with other was very effective in causing but led to devastating

AMPHETAMINE

Amphetamine was the original stimulant used to induce Although very effective at causing amphetamine has many and is highly addictive. Therefore, many substances that are structurally and funtionally similar to amphetamine have been developed or discovered in an attempt to induce without the negative effects of amphetamine. These with the exception of and diethylpropion, have proven to be unsafe and are not recommended by the for

The of amphetamine are related to its stimulant effects, especially at high doses and with long-term use. include irritability, insomnia, confusion, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, seizures, and aggressiveness. Amphetamines cause irreversible destruction of blood vessels in the brain, which can cause stroke—even in young people. These also cause the potentially lethal of increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, and increased blood pressure. Another problem with amphetamines is that they have a high potential for Amphetamine is very similar to the compound methamphetamine, which is known on the street today as “speed,” “meth,” or “crank.”
Both amphetamine and methamphetamine are “uppers,” and are highly addictive. Besides causing these elevate a person’s mood and cause euphoria, excitement, and ecstasy. People who experience these feelings tend to use the more frequently, and at higher doses, to continue to experience this effect.

Acomplia zimulti diet my pill

Acomplia diet my pill

AMPHETAMINE-LIKE PRODUCTS

The chemical structure of amphetamine and fenfluramine are illustrated here. Fenfluramine (bottom) is a that is very similar in structure to amphetamine (top). Fenfluramine is an appetite suppressant, like amphetamine, but it does not have stimulant effects. Fenfluramine was proposed as a safer alternative to amphetamine and was very effective in causing especially when used in combination with Unfortunately, fenfluramine eventually led to devastating which led to its being withdrawn from the market.

Amphetamines are very effective for but their use is limited by serious and the potential for Therefore, amphetamine is still approved for other diseases but is no longer permitted for Many that are similar to amphetamine have been formulated in an attempt to promote without causing addiction and dangerous

Acomplia, Rimonabant, What People Say?

MARY SAY
Mary wanted to lose the she had gained during her pregnancy with her first child, who was now three years old. She hoped to lose the 30 pounds quickly, since she wanted to look her best when her husband returned in four months from active duty in World War II. Mary’s sister told her all the movie stars were taking rainbow pills, which “worked like magic.” At the corner drugstore, Mary bought a month’s supply of rainbow pills, which came in four beautiful bottles. Within one week of taking these pills, Mary had lost five pounds.

She was extremely excited that she could finally meet her goals. However, Mary began to feel nervous. She also experienced heart palpitations and dizziness when she stood up. She slept less and less. Before long, Mary began to feel that she could not get through the day without taking the pills. As the time of her husband’s arrival drew near, she began to take more and more of her pills, since she was still 10 pounds short of her goal. One week before the day of her husband’s return, Mary passed out at home. Smelling salts would not wake her and a pronounced her dead one hour later. The rainbow pills Mary had taken to lose caused her heart to race faster and faster, until eventually it simplystopped working.

Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine

Fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were marketed under the brand names Redux® and Pondimin®, respectively. Fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine are chemically similar to amphetamine, but they work differently in the body. These exert their effects by increasing the release of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) in the brain, leading to appetite suppression. Fenfluramine (“fen”) and dexfenfluramine (“dexfen”) were prescription appetite suppressants that had been approved by the for the short-term management of obesity. A landmark study completed in 1992 showed that fenfluramine, when combined with the was very effective for over the short term.

The study were widely reported, and they led to a surge in popularity of fenfluramine and This combination, called “fen-phen,” was very effective and proved far more effective than either used alone. The combination of dexfenfluramine and (“dexfen-phen”) had similar effects on The never approved the use of these together, however. The individually or together, were not intended to be used for longer than three months.

Initially, fen-phen was thought to be free of serious Short-term studies showed the main to be tiredness and diarrhea, and these went away as time passed and the body got used to the It was known that the “fen-phen” and “dexfen-phen” regimens led to rare cases of heart, lung, and nerve damage when used for a long time. Unfortunately, many continued to prescribe these combinations for long-term use. This allowed patients who wanted to lose often for cosmetic rather than reasons—to do so and maintain the

Many people stayed on the “fen-phen” or “dexfen-phen” regimens far longer than the recommended three months to The Post continue or maintain their Serious, life-threatening became evident with long-term use of these combinations. Patients developed a lung disease called primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), heart valve disease, and other conditions that were irreversible and in some cases life-threatening. PPH is a serious, permanent lung condition that can lead to breathing problems, heart failure, and death. A study investigating the link between fenfluramine and PPH concluded that patients using the diet for longer than three months were 23 times more likely to develop PPH. These horrible effects were attributed mainly to fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, and eventually the banned these from the market. is still available for It will be discussed in Chapter

The most startling and damaging news regarding “fen-phen” and “dexfen-phen” came when the Mayo Clinic, in June 1997, reported 24 cases of heart valve damage in “fen-phen” users. Individuals in the study used “fen-phen” for an average of 12 months, well exceeding the recommended three months. Fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine caused leakage in the heart valves. The mitral and aortic valves, which control blood flow through part of the heart, were most affected. Valve leakage prevents the heart from pumping effectively. In five cases, patients required open heart valve surgery.

After many problems and deaths, the removed Pondimin and Redux from market. Since then, there have been 200 reported cases of primary pulmonary hypertension relating to “fen-phen” and “dexfen-phen.” Of those cases, 40 have resulted in death. The has received more than 100 reports of heart valve damage directly related to “fen-phen” or fenfluramine therapy; there are no reports from individuals taking alone for


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